California SB 53
From State AI laws: enacted, with proof: Which US states have enacted laws about AI systems, when do they start, who enforces them, and what is the penalty?
State: California
The state whose legislature passed the law.
The people of the State of California do enact as follows
Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20261004042039/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53. Read 2026-11-01. Checked by a second reader.
Law: Senate Bill No. 53, Chapter 138
The act's name, or its bill and chapter, as the state's own text gives it.
Senate Bill No. 53 CHAPTER 138
Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20261004042039/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53. Read 2026-11-01. Checked by a second reader.
Subject: Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act
A short label, in the text's own words, for what the law regulates.
This chapter shall be known as the Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act
Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20261004042039/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53. Read 2026-11-01. Read once.
Signed: September 29, 2025
The date the governor signed, as the official record writes it. Dates are left in the form the source uses.
Approved by Governor September 29, 2025
Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20261004042039/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53. Read 2026-11-01. Checked by a second reader.
Takes effect: effective January 1, 2026
When the law says its duties begin, in its own words. Some laws start in stages, and the quote shows which duty the date belongs to. Blank if the text gives no date and no official page states one.
(SB 53) Effective January 1, 2026
Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20260616170532/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=BPC§ionNum=22757.12.. Read 2026-11-01. Checked by a second reader.
Applies to: large frontier developer: annual gross revenues in excess of five hundred million dollars ($500,000,000)
Who has duties, in the law's own words. A law with several parts shows the part named in its quote.
“Large frontier developer” means a frontier developer that together with its affiliates collectively had annual gross revenues in excess of five hundred million dollars ($500,000,000) in the preceding calendar year
Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20261004042039/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53. Read 2026-11-01. Checked by a second reader.
Enforced by: the attorney general
Who enforces it, as stated. Where the text only makes a violation part of another act, that act is shown. Blank if the text doesn't say.
A civil penalty described in this section shall be recovered in a civil action brought only by the Attorney General
Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20261004042039/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53. Read 2026-11-01. Checked by a second reader.
Maximum penalty: one million dollars ($1,000,000) per violation
The highest civil penalty stated, in the law's words. Blank if the text names no amount. Damages in a private suit and penalties set by another act don't count.
does not exceed one million dollars ($1,000,000) per violation
Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20261004042039/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53. Read 2026-11-01. Checked by a second reader.
Private right of action: Not stated
Yes or no only where the text says so plainly. Blank otherwise, including where a law just points to a consumer protection act.
No source we could use stated this. A blank never means no.
Latest change: Not stated
The newest amendment, delay, repeal or replacement found in an official source. Blank with the places we looked if none was found, which doesn't prove there is none.
No source we could use stated this. A blank never means no.